Research ArticleCritical Issues in Dental Hygiene

A Review of the Ethics of Patient-Based Licensure Examinations

R. Lamont MacNeil and Kathleen E. Murphy
American Dental Hygienists' Association August 2024, 98 (4) 37-49;

REFERENCES

  1. 1.↵
    1. Field MJ
    1. Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on the Future of Dental Education
    . Dental education at the crossroads: Challenges and change. Field MJ, editor. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US); 1995. p. 35-58; p. 228-53.
  2. 2.↵
    1. Gies WJ,
    2. Pritchett HS.
    Dental education in the United States and Canada. A report of the Carnegie Foundation for the advancement of teaching. South Med J. 1927 Sept;20(9):746.
    OpenUrl
  3. 3.↵
    1. American Dental Education Association
    . Report of the task force on assessment of readiness for practice (ADA, ADSA, ADEA) Sept. 2018 [Internet] Washington DC: American Dental Education Association; 2013-24 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.adea.org/tarpreport/
  4. 4.↵
    1. American Dental Association
    . Current policies 1954-2023 [Internet]. Chicago (IL): American Dental Association; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.ada.org/-/media/project/ada-organization/ada/ada-org/files/about/governance/current_policies.pdf.
  5. 5.
    1. American Dental Association
    . Eliminating use of human subjects in board examinations: 64H2000 [Internet]. Chicago (IL): American Dental Association; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.ada.org/-/media/project/ada-organization/ada/ada-org/files/about/governance/current_policies.pdf.
  6. 6.↵
    1. American Student Dental Association
    . Policy Number L-1 Initial Licensure Pathways [Internet]. Chicago (IL): American Student Dental Association; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.asdanet.org/about-asda/leaders-and-governance/current-statements-of-position-or-policy/dental-education-administration/statement-on-policy/L-1
  7. 7.↵
    1. American Dental Education Association
    . Proceedings of the 2014 ADEA House of Delegates. J Dent Educ. 2014 Jul;78(7):965-79.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  8. 8.↵
    1. American Dental Hygienists’ Association
    . Policy statement 1S-18/1-08 [Internet]. Chicago (IL): American Dental Hygienists’ Association; 2023 [cited 2023 Mar 1]. Available from: https://www.adha.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/ADHA_Policy_Manual-FY23.pdf
  9. 9.↵
    1. Coalition for Modernizing Dental Licensure
    . Modernizing dental licensure [Internet]. Chicago (IL): Coalition for Modernizing Dental Licensure; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://dentallicensure.org.
  10. 10.↵
    1. Coalition for Modernizing Dental Licensure
    . Licensure Map [Internet]. Chicago (IL): Coalition for Modernizing Dental Licensure; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.dentallicensure.org/licensure-map.
  11. 11.↵
    1. Allen D,
    2. Reynolds RJ,
    3. Bridgeman R, et al.
    The use of live patients in clinical board examinations: The debate. J Am Dent Assoc. 1985 Feb;110(2):164-70.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  12. 12.↵
    1. Kennedy J,
    2. Demarais DR,
    3. Cartwright CB, et al.
    Special feature: The emerging dialogue of regional boards and the dental deans. J Mich Dent Assoc. 1990; Nov/Dec: 523-46.
  13. 13.↵
    1. Buchanan RN.
    Problems related to the use of human subjects in clinical evaluation/responsibility for follow-up care. J Dent Educ. 1991 Dec;55(12):797-801.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  14. 14.↵
    1. Hasegawa TK,
    2. Matthews M.
    Dental clinical examining board dilemma. Tex Dent J. 1995;112(12):44-46.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  15. 15.↵
    1. Chiodo GT,
    2. Tolle SW.
    An ethics perspective on licensure by state board examinations. Gen Dent. 1996 Jan-Feb;44(1):18-20, 22, 24-25.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  16. 16.
    1. Gray EJ.
    Examining the exam. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996 Aug;127(8):1154, 1156.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  17. 17.
    1. Meskin LH.
    Dental licensure revisited. J Am Dent Assoc. 1996 Mar; 127(3): 292-94.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  18. 18.
    1. Feil P,
    2. Meeske J,
    3. Fortman J.
    Knowledge of ethical lapses and other experiences on clinical licensure examinations. J Dent Educ. 1999 Jun;63(6):453-58.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  19. 19.↵
    1. Meskin LH.
    The perfect patient. J Am Dent Assoc. 2000 Oct;131(10):1394, 1396.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  20. 20.↵
    1. Cole JR,
    2. Maitland RI.
    A response from the American Association of Dental Examiners. J Am Coll Dent. 2002 Spring;69(2):47-49.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  21. 21.↵
    1. Formicola AJ,
    2. Shub JL,
    3. Murphy FJ.
    Banning live patients as test subjects on licensing examinations. J Dent Educ. 2002 May;66(5):605-9; discussion 610-1.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  22. 22.
    1. Hasegawa TK.
    Ethical issues of performing invasive/irreversible dental treatment for purposes of licensure. J Am Coll Dent. 2002 Spring;69(2):43-6.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  23. 23.↵
    1. Jenson LE.
    Is it ethical to involve patients in state board examinations? J Am Coll Dent. 2002 Spring;69(2):39-42.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  24. 24.↵
    1. Pattalochi RE.
    Patients on clinical boards: An examiner’s perspective. J Dent Educ. 2002 May; 66(5): 600-4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  25. 25.↵
    1. Conley JF.
    Harboring some ethical dilemmas. J Calif Dent Assoc. 2003 Aug;31(8):589-91.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  26. 26.↵
    1. Lasky RE,
    2. Shub JL.
    Dental licensure reaches a crossroads: the rationale and method for reform. J Dent Educ. 2003 Mar;67(3):295-300.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  27. 27.
    1. Ranney RR,
    2. Haden NK,
    3. Weaver RW,
    4. Valachovic RW.
    A survey of deans and ADEA activities on dental licensure issues. J Dent Educ. 2003 Oct; 67(10): 1149-60.
    OpenUrlAbstract
  28. 28.
    1. Oh TW.
    Clinical licensure exams: The unruly gatekeepers. J Am Coll Dent. 2005 Fall;72(3):16-18.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  29. 29.
    1. Gerrow JD,
    2. Murphy HJ,
    3. Boyd MA,
    4. Scott DA.
    An analysis of the contribution of a patient-based component to a clinical licensure examination. J Am Dent Assoc. 2006 Oct;137(10):1434-9.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  30. 30.↵
    1. Meru M.
    The hidden curriculum and my three wishes. J Am Coll Dent. 2010 Fall;77(3):5-9.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  31. 31.↵
    1. Conrad HJ,
    2. Mills EA.
    Dental students choosing licensure path give more consideration to career flexibility rather than ethical dilemmas. J Am Coll Dent. 2011 Spring;78(1):24-32.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  32. 32.↵
    1. Lantzy MJ,
    2. Muzzin KB,
    3. DeWald JP, et al.
    The ethics of live patient use in dental hygiene clinical licensure examinations: A national survey. J Dent Educ. 2012 Jun;76(6):667-681.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  33. 33.
    1. Roucka TM,
    2. Donate-Bartfield E.
    What’s wrong with this picture? Gen Dent. 2013 Aug;61(5):18-21.
    OpenUrl
  34. 34.↵
    1. Friedrichsen SW.
    Moving toward 21st-century clinical licensure examinations in dentistry. J Dent Educ. 2016 Jun;80(6):639-40.
    OpenUrlFREE Full Text
  35. 35.↵
    1. Gambacorta JE,
    2. Glick M,
    3. Anker AE,
    4. Shampaine GS.
    The Buffalo model: Shifting the focus of clinical licensure exams in dentistry to address ethical concerns regarding patient care. J Dent Educ. 2016 Jun;80(6):641-7.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  36. 36.↵
    1. Mills EA.
    Non-patient-based clinical licensure examination for dentistry in Minnesota: significance of decision and description of process. J Dent Educ. 2016 Jun;80(6):648-51.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  37. 37.↵
    1. Chu T-MG,
    2. Makhoul NM,
    3. Silva DR, et al.
    Should live patient licensing examinations in dentistry be discontinued? Two viewpoints: Viewpoint 1: Alternative assessment models are not yet viable replacements for live patients in clinical licensure exams and viewpoint 2: ethical and patient care concerns about live patient exams require full acceptance of justifiable alternatives.. J Dent Educ. 2018 Mar;82(3):246-51.
    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
  38. 38.↵
    1. Scarbrough AR.
    Ethics of using live patients for licensing board examinations. J Am Dent Assoc. 2018 Feb;149(2):163-4.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  39. 39.↵
    1. Poliki P,
    2. Farsi NJ,
    3. Zahran S,
    4. Bhadila G.
    A comparison of manikin and live patient-based dental hygienist clinical licensing exam. J Dent Educ. 2022 Oct;86(10):1279-84.
    OpenUrlPubMed
  40. 40.↵
    1. American Dental Association
    . ADA principles of ethics and code of professional conduct [Internet]. Chicago (IL): American Dental Association; 2009 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.ada.org/about/principles/code-of-ethics?gad_source=1&gclid=EAIaIQobChMIzJisi5_FhgMV22pHAR37ygBHEAAYASAAEgIHH_D_BwE.
  41. 41.
    1. World Health Organization
    . Patient Safety [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2024 [cited 2024 Jun 5]. Available from: https://www.who.int/teams/integrated-health-services/patient-safety/about.
Back to top

In this issue

Print
Download PDF
Article Alerts
Email Article
Citation Tools
A Review of the Ethics of Patient-Based Licensure Examinations
R. Lamont MacNeil, Kathleen E. Murphy
American Dental Hygienists' Association Aug 2024, 98 (4) 37-49;
del.icio.us logo Twitter logo Facebook logo Mendeley logo

Jump to section

Keywords