Implicit Racial Bias Among Dental Hygienists Practicing in the United States

Abstract

Purpose Provider bias has been shown to be a contributing factor to racial and ethnic disparities observed in health care settings. The purpose of this study was to examine implicit racial bias among dental hygienists.

Methods A convenience sample of licensed and practicing dental hygienists within the United States was recruited through email and national dental hygiene social media groups via snowball sampling. A two-part survey design was used for data collection. Participants completed a 10-item demographic survey through an online platform and were then routed to the Race Implicit Association Test (IAT). Descriptive statistics and linear regression analyses were used to compare demographic data and implicit racial preference scores (d-scores).

Results Data from 404 licensed dental hygienists were included in this study. Over two-thirds (67.8%) of participants showed a preference for European Americans over African Americans. A significant difference was found between implicit racial preference scores and participant age (Estimate: 0.01, 95% CI: 0.00, 0.01), years worked comparing <5 years to 21 or more years (Estimate: 0.19, 95% CI: −0.30, −0.09), and race comparing non-White to White (Estimate: −0.17, 95% CI: −0.27, −0.07). No difference was found with task order, previous Race IAT experience, or previous self-reported implicit bias training.

Conclusion Findings suggest that dental hygienists may harbor implicit racial preferences for European Americans over African Americans. Non-White participants had more positive implicit preferences toward African Americans compared to White participants. Further research is needed to determine the extent to which implicit racial biases contribute to disparities in oral health.